Main types of electric steel furnaces and smelting processes

Electric arc furnace Broadly speaking, electric steelmaking furnaces include electric arc furnaces, induction furnaces, electroslag furnaces, and electron beam furnaces. Conventional electric furnace steel refers to steel produced in basic electric arc furnaces, hence this paper focuses on electric arc furnaces (EAFs). EAFs are categorized into direct current electric arc furnaces (DC-EAF) and alternating current …

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Technical performance requirements for 25 common raw materials used in refractories

Refractory materials fall under the category of inorganic non-metallic materials and serve as indispensable foundational materials for high-temperature industries. They are primarily applied in sectors such as steel, building materials, non-ferrous metals, machinery, and petrochemicals. The advancement of these industries is inseparable from progress in refractory materials. The refractory materials industry has become a fundamental …

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Optimization and practical implementation of ladle life and safety protection

Through analyzing factors affecting ladle service life and safety performance, measures were implemented to enhance both aspects. These included optimizing refractory brick materials, reinforcing critical areas during ladle construction, conducting precise online measurements of residual refractory thickness, refining the composition and structure of ladle refining slag, and applying ladle safety protection technologies. The average total …

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Refractory lining construction techniques for extending the service life of Medium-frequency furnace linings

The high-temperature performance of the lining in medium-frequency coreless induction furnaces primarily depends on the physical and chemical properties, as well as the mineral composition, of the refractory materials used. Given the selection of raw and auxiliary materials, the sintering process is the critical step for achieving a favorable microstructure in the furnace lining, thereby …

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Advances in tundish metallurgical technology for clean steelmaking

In 2021, China’s domestic steel production reached 1.33667 billion tons, marking a 0.9% year-on-year increase. Continuous casting accounted for over 98% of total output. However, the Chinese steel industry continues to grapple with the dilemma of “excessive low-end capacity and insufficient high-end capacity.” Currently, on one hand, Chinese steel enterprises are experiencing declining profit margins …

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Maintenance strategy and design optimization of converter lining and key components

1.Importance and maintenance of converter lining The converter lining is a crucial component of the converter, maintaining the molten steel temperature within it within a high temperature range of 1620-1680°C. During its service life, the lining must withstand complex mechanical erosion and chemical attack from hot molten steel, airflow, and slag, creating a harsh operating …

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Development and application of new converter taphole repair material

The application of top-bottom combined blowing technology and slag splashing technology in converters has expanded converter smelting products and significantly improved quality and production efficiency. However, tapping, the final step in the converter steelmaking process, has become a crucial factor influencing smelting quality, output, and product variety. The service life, replacement time, and repair life …

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Requirements for submerged nozzles and anti-clogging improvement measures

Currently, most continuous casting shrouds in domestic steel mills are used directly without preheating. Upon contact with the molten steel at the start of pouring, the inner surface of the shroud instantly rises to the molten steel’s temperature, while the outer surface, exposed to the atmosphere, is much cooler. This generates significant thermal stress within …

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Requirements for physical and chemical indicators of bottom-blown air bricks and base bricks for refining ladles

Overview of bottom-blown air-permeable bricks Since the 1960s, the ladle secondary refining process has been used by various steel producers. Production practice has proven that secondary smelting in the ladle is difficult without effective inert gas treatment. Initial inert gas stirring was achieved using a top-blown argon lance, but its stirring effect was significantly limited, …

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Detailed classification of 5 common refractory materials for ladle

The ladle (or steel ladle) carries the dual tasks of transporting molten steel and performing refining outside the furnace. With the advancement of steelmaking technology, my country’s ladle refractory materials have also made great progress. Especially since the 1980s, my country’s refractory research institutions, production enterprises, and end-users have worked closely together, taking into account …

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Analysis on the recycling methods of waste refractory materials

With the rapid development of industrialization, the amount of refractory waste, a core consumable in high-temperature industries such as steel, cement, and glass, has been increasing year by year. According to data, China produces approximately 8-9 million tons of waste refractory materials annually, but only about 30% is utilized. Efficiently reusing this waste has become …

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Classification and selection of refractory materials used in heating furnaces

Refractory materials, as their name suggests, can maintain their physical and chemical stability at extremely high temperatures. Not only are these materials resistant to high temperatures, they are also effective against thermal shock and chemical erosion, making them the preferred materials for heating furnace linings and working surfaces. However, refractory materials are not a single …

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Expansion joints during pouring of refractory castables

During the pouring process of refractory castables, how to leave expansion joints mainly depends on the following 5 key points: 01 Contraction and expansion of refractory castables During the first heating process, refractory castables will shrink twice during dehydration at 50℃～200℃ and sintering at 900℃～1000℃. In other temperature ranges, heating will cause the castable to …

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The difference between refractory castables and refractory plastics

There are many types of unshaped refractory materials, such as refractory castables, refractory plastics, refractory ramming materials, refractory spray coatings, refractory projection materials, refractory mud, etc. Although they are all unshaped refractory materials, they have different material formulas, different particle ratios, different construction methods, different application parts, different target functions, and even more different refractory …

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What refractory materials are used in continuous casting tundish？

What are the functions of the tundish? What are the requirements for refractory materials? (1) The tundish is a container that mainly receives, stores and redistributes ladle water. Tundish metallurgical technologies such as adjusting temperature, adjusting trace alloy elements, and improving inclusions are now gradually developed. (2) The requirements for refractory materials are that the …

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